The effects of glucagon on blood glucose regulation define its critical product attribute.
Abstract: Glucagon’s critical role in blood glucose regulation—primarily via hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis—defines its therapeutic value in severe hypoglycemia. Current multi-peptide products exhibit varied purity (≥95% vs. 98%+), stability (lyophilized vs. liquid formulations), and delivery systems (injectable vs. intranasal). Market trends show a 12.3% CAGR (2023–2030) driven by diabetes prevalence and biosimilar adoption. Leading brands (e.g., Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly) differ in regulatory approvals (FDA/EMA) and cold-chain logistics (2–8°C). Selection criteria prioritize peptide sequence fidelity, endotoxin levels (<1 EU/mg), and manufacturer GMP certifications. Industry challenges include aggregation risks and short shelf-life, while innovations in stable analogs expand therapeutic scope.